Американский кинорежиссер коламбус крис: биография, фильмография, достижения
Содержание:
- Early Years
- Early life
- Voyages
- Books and films about Christopher Columbus
- Biography of Christopher Columbus
- Appearances
- Background
- Early Years
- Christopher Columbus Biography Wiki, Biography, Age, Career, Contact & Informations Wiki, Biography, Family & Informations
- Voyages
- Trips of Christopher Columbus
- How to avoid contagion?
- Quick Facts
- Columbus’s campaign for funding
- Крис Коламбус — лучшие фильмы: Фильмография
- Карьера
- References
- Later life
- Детство звезды
Early Years
Columbus first went to sea as a teenager, participating in several trading voyages in the Mediterranean and Aegean seas. One such voyage, to the island of Khios, in modern day Greece, brought him the closest he would ever come to Asia. ADVERTISEMENT Thanks for watching!Visit Website ADVERTISEMENT Thanks for watching!Visit Website
His first voyage into the Atlantic Ocean in 1476 nearly cost him his life as the commercial fleet he was sailing with was attacked by French privateers off the coast of Portugal. His ship was burned and Columbus had to swim to the Portuguese shore.
He made his way to Lisbon, Portugal, where he eventually settled and married Felipa Perestrello. The couple had one son, Diego, around 1480. His wife died soon after, and Columbus moved to Spain. He had a second son, Fernando, who was born out of wedlock in 1488 with Beatriz Enriquez de Arana.
After participating in several other expeditions to Africa, Columbus gained knowledge of the Atlantic currents flowing east and west from the Canary Islands.
Early life
According to the most widely acknowledged biographies, Columbus was born between August and October 1451, in Genoa. His father was Domenico Colombo, a middle-class wool weaver working between Genoa and Savona. His mother was Susanna Fontanarossa. Bartolomeo, Giovanni Pellegrino, and Giacomo were his brothers. Bartolomeo worked in a cartography workshop in Lisbon for at least part of his adulthood.
Christopher Columbus (conjectural image by Sebastiano del Piombo).
While information about Columbus’ early years is scarce, he probably received an incomplete education. He spoke a Genoese dialect. In one of his writings, Columbus claims to have gone to the sea at the age of 10. In 1470, the Columbus family moved to Savona, where Domenico took over a tavern. In the same year, Columbus was on a Genoese ship hired in the service of René I of Anjou to support his attempt to conquer the Kingdom of Naples.
In 1473, Columbus began his apprenticeship as business agent for the important Centurione, Di Negro, and Spinola families of Genoa. Later, he allegedly made a trip to Chios, in the Aegean Sea. In May 1476, he took part in an armed convoy sent by Genoa to carry a valuable cargo to northern Europe. He docked in Bristol, Galway, in Ireland and very likely, in 1477, he was in Iceland. In 1479, Columbus reached his brother Bartolomeo in Lisbon, keeping on trading for the Centurione family. He married Filipa Moniz, daughter of the Porto Santo governor, Bartolomeo Perestrello. In 1481, his son, Diego was born.
No authentic contemporary portrait of Christopher Columbus exists. Over the years historians have presented many images that reconstruct his appearance from written descriptions. They depict him variously with long or short hair, heavy or thin, bearded or clean-shaven, stern or at ease. Columbus is described as having reddish hair which turned to white early-on in life and a reddish face typically resulting from a lighter skinned person receiving too much sun exposure.
Voyages
In 1493, Columbus took to the seas on his second expedition and explored more islands in the Caribbean Ocean. Upon arrival at Hispaniola, Columbus and his crew discovered the Navidad settlement had been destroyed with all the sailors massacred.
Spurning the wishes of the local queen, who found slavery offensive, Columbus established a forced labor policy over the native population to rebuild the settlement and explore for gold, believing it would prove to be profitable. His efforts produced small amounts of gold and great hatred among the native population.
Before returning to Spain, Columbus left his brothers Bartholomew and Diego to govern the settlement on Hispaniola and sailed briefly around the larger Caribbean islands further convincing himself he had discovered the outer islands of China.
It wasn’t until his third voyage that Columbus actually reached the mainland, exploring the Orinoco River in present-day Venezuela. Unfortunately, conditions at the Hispaniola settlement had deteriorated to the point of near-mutiny, with settlers claiming they had been misled by Columbus’ claims of riches and complaining about the poor management of his brothers.
The Spanish Crown sent a royal official who arrested Columbus and stripped him of his authority. He returned to Spain in chains to face the royal court. The charges were later dropped, but Columbus lost his titles as governor of the Indies and, for a time, much of the riches made during his voyages.
Books and films about Christopher Columbus
Some famous books that tell the story of Christopher Columbus are:
- Diary On board of Christopher Columbus: tells us how he is surrounded by controversy and mystery.
- The Four Journeys and the Testament: narrates the first expeditions to the New World.
- On board diary: stories of Christopher Columbus and his enigmas and secrets.
- The great adventure of Christopher Columbus: the life of Columbus narrated by Manuel Fernández Álvarez.
Several films have also been created where the story is reflected, among them we can mention:
- Also the rain: starring Gabriel Bernal and Luis Tosar shows us the two faces that Christopher Columbus had, one ambitious and the other as an intrepid navigator.
- Alba de América: This is one of the most controversial in the history of Columbus’ arrival in America.
- The Other Conquest: narrates the resistance that Emperor Moctezuma put up against the Spanish invasion.
- The Golden One: a film shot in Costa Rica that narrates the role of Spain during the conquest.
- The Conquest of Paradise: narrates the discovery of America and the experiences of Christopher Columbus, and how the lives of the Indians changed with the discovery.
Written by Gabriela Briceño V.
Biography of Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus was born in 1451 in the Republic of Genoa, or what is now Italy. When he was 20, he moved to Lisbon, Portugal, and later relocated to Spain, which was his base of operations throughout his life.
Columbus went to sea as a teenager, participating in several commercial trips in the Mediterranean and Aegean seas. One of those trips, to the island of Khios, in modern Greece, brought him as close as he could get to Asia.
His first voyage to the Atlantic Ocean in 1476 almost cost him his life because the commercial fleet with which he sailed was attacked by French corsairs off the coast of Portugal. His ship was burned and Columbus had to swim towards the Portuguese coast. He went to Lisbon, Portugal, where he finally settled and married with Felipa Perestrelo. They had a son, Diego and his wife died shortly after, and Columbus moved to Spain. He had a second son, Fernando, who was born out of wedlock in 1488 with Beatriz Enríquez de Arana.
Appearances
Romanticized and historically revised versions of Colon based on his propaganda depictions are very common in Disney materials.
Film
Although he never existed during the times of movies, his name was used in some Disney movies like Columbus Avenue in New York City which was named after him in Oliver & Company. He even made an animated appearance in the Disney movie, So Dear to My Heart when he was singing «Stick-to-it-ivity».
Television and shorts
He also made a brief appearance with Leif Erikson in the Academy Award winning short, It’s Tough to Be a Bird. The apocryphal tale of him discovering that the world wasn’t flat would have also been the subject of a theatrical short called Mickey Columbus, which would have placed Mickey Mouse in the role of Columbus, until it was shelved both to help the studio focus on full-length animated features and in fear of potentially producing offensive Native American stereotypes like in Peter Pan. His name and that of his three historical ships: the Santa Maria, the Nina, and the Pinta along with a fictitious 4th one called the «Snookie» was mentioned by Daisy in the Quack Pack episode; «Pride Goeth Before the Fall Guy». Ohio’s capital and largest city were also named after Christopher Columbus. A drawing of him has also seen in the Timon & Pumbaa episode; «Hakuna Matata U.». He has been mentioned in the Wizards of Waverly Place episode Retest.
Printed materials
The Donald Duck comic story; The Lost Charts of Columbus and the Goofy comic story; Christophorus Goofy Columbus where Goofy appeared as Christopher Columbus himself.
Disney Parks
A portrait of Christopher Columbus can be found within Fortress Explorations at Tokyo DisneySea within Explorers Hall, which serves to honor historical figures considered as Honorary Members of the Society of Explorers and Adventurers.
Background
Colombo was born in the Republic of Genoa (today part of Italy). Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean. At the time, most the world believed that there was no other continent on the other side of the Ocean and that to sail there was a death-wish, however due to a mathematical error Columbus believed that the Earth was pear-shaped and that he could navigate a way to India.
While otherwise, Colon’s mathematical error would have resulted in the death of his crew, by sheer luck, Columbus’ vessels happened upon the Caribbean which Cristoforo declared as, «India». Colombo proceeded to ransack, pillage and raid the Caribbean while murdering, assaulting and enslaving countless indigenous peoples and destroying their cultures. The explorer and his men also spread several viruses which they were infected with from the densely populated cities of Europe which the Indigenous were not immune to, resulting in more death by illness.
When Columbus returned to Europe, he aided in establishing the Transatlantic Slave Trade and further colonization of the, «New World». The accounts of Colon’s adventures were subsequently used as colonial propaganda, most prominently in what became the United States of America despite Colon having never stepped foot on the land which became the country. Many accounts of Colon were subsequently manipulated, exaggerated and outright fabricated for this purpose with popular myths including him having discovered the U.S.A., having been the first European to believe Earth was round (it was common knowledge), and that he, «Discovered» the Americas (Indigenous peoples had been living there for thousands of years after having immigrated via land-bridge in prehistory and the first Europeans on the continent were the vikings c. 1000 AD).
Early Years
Columbus was born in 1451 in the Republic of Genoa, part of what is now Italy. In his 20s he moved to Lisbon, Portugal, and later resettled in Spain, which remained his home base for the duration of his life.
Columbus first went to sea as a teenager, participating in several trading voyages in the Mediterranean and Aegean seas. One such voyage, to the island of Khios, in modern-day Greece, brought him the closest he would ever come to Asia.
His first voyage into the Atlantic Ocean in 1476 nearly cost him his life as the commercial fleet he was sailing with was attacked by French privateers off the coast of Portugal. His ship was burned and Columbus had to swim to the Portuguese shore.
He made his way to Lisbon, Portugal, where he eventually settled and married Filipa Perestrelo. The couple had one son, Diego, around 1480. His wife died soon after, and Columbus moved to Spain. He had a second son, Fernando, who was born out of wedlock in 1488 with Beatriz Enriquez de Arana.
After participating in several other expeditions to Africa, Columbus gained knowledge of the Atlantic currents flowing east and west from the Canary Islands.
Christopher Columbus Biography Wiki, Biography, Age, Career, Contact & Informations Wiki, Biography, Family & Informations
Wiki, Age, Family, Relationship
Full Name | Christopher Columbus |
Nickname | Christopher Columbus |
Father | Domenico Colombo |
Mother | Susanna Fontanarossa |
Siblings | Bartholomew ColombGiovanni PellegrinoGiacomo ColombBianchinetta Columbus |
Family Members | _ |
Date of Birth | 26th August 1451 |
Birthplace | Territory of the Republic of Genoa |
Horoscope | _ |
Nationality | Génois |
Religion | Muslims |
Marital Status | Married |
Husband | Filipa Moniz |
Children | Diego Colomb, Fernand Colomb |
Affair with | _ |
Divorce | No |
Favourite things
Favourite Food(s) | _ |
Favourite Actor(s) | _ |
Favourite perfume | _ |
Favourite Actress | _ |
Favourite Film | _ |
Favourite Singer(s) | _ |
Favourite Sport | _ |
Favourite Song | _ |
Favourite Brand(s) | _ |
Voyages
In 1493, Columbus took to the seas on his second expedition and explored more islands in the Caribbean Ocean. Upon arrival at Hispaniola, Columbus and his crew discovered the Navidad settlement had been destroyed with all the sailors massacred.
Spurning the wishes of the local queen, who found slavery offensive, Columbus established a forced labor policy over the native population to rebuild the settlement and explore for gold, believing it would prove to be profitable. His efforts produced small amounts of gold and great hatred among the native population.
Before returning to Spain, Columbus left his brothers Bartholomew and Diego to govern the settlement on Hispaniola and sailed briefly around the larger Caribbean islands further convincing himself he had discovered the outer islands of China.
It wasn’t until his third voyage that Columbus actually reached the mainland, exploring the Orinoco River in present-day Venezuela. Unfortunately, conditions at the Hispaniola settlement had deteriorated to the point of near-mutiny, with settlers claiming they had been misled by Columbus’ claims of riches and complaining about the poor management of his brothers.
The Spanish Crown sent a royal official who arrested Columbus and stripped him of his authority. He returned to Spain in chains to face the royal court. The charges were later dropped, but Columbus lost his titles as governor of the Indies and, for a time, much of the riches made during his voyages.
Trips of Christopher Columbus
First trip
On August 3, 1492, he left Puerto de Palos with two caravels, La Niña and La Pinta and La Santa María. Seeing time go by without touching land, the crew were desperate, provoking a mutiny that Columbus calmed, assuring that if in three days they did not see land, they would return to Spain.
On October 12, 1492, sailor Rodrigo de Triana spotted land. Christopher Columbus and his expedition reached the island that the natives called Guanahani, which Columbus named San Salvador, located in the Bahamas. He immediately explored and arrived in what is now Cuba, which he called Juana.
Columbus believed he had arrived in the East Indies and so he called his inhabitants “Indians“. Then he came to the island that today is from Haiti and the Dominican Republic and called it Hispaniola. On January 4, 1493, Christopher Columbus returned to Spain with the two caravels he had left, leaving 40 men at the Navidad Fort.
Second trip
Supported by the kings, he begins his second journey to discover oriental treasures. He left Cadiz on September 25, 1493 and discovered the Antilles, Cuba and Puerto Rico. He managed to reach Hispaniola, where he found the Navidad Fort destroyed and the men murdered. Columbus founded in that place the Isabela in honor of the Queen of Spain. After traveling and discovering Jamaica he returned to Isabela where he found chaos as the Spaniards forced the Indians to hand over the gold and killed each other.
Third trip
Several conditions and requirements were imposed on him so that, he could make the trip, and it took him longer to find people who would like to go with him. He left Cadiz on May 30th, 1498, with 6 ships. They arrived at the Canary Islands where 3 caravels left for the island of Hispaniola and another 3, where Columbus was travelling to Cape Green. On July 31 they discovered the Orinoco River and arrived in Venezuela. In this trip the rebellion of Francisco Roldán, who was the mayor of Hispaniola, took place.
Fourth trip
He left Cadiz on May 9, 1502 for the Canary Islands, then for the Lesser Antilles and from there, they went to Santo Domingo, where the governor Frey Nicolás de Obando, by order of the Catholic Monarchs, prohibited him from disembarking, so he had to continue towards Jamaica and Cuba, then descending towards Honduras, where on August 1 a contact between Europeans and Mayans was made.
They traveled the Caribbean coast of Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama arriving at Belén River, where they founded the first Spanish city: Santa María de Belén. There, they lost one of the caravels, destroyed by the storms. Then they arrived in Veragua where they lost another caravel. They only had two caravels left. They arrived in Jamaica on June 25, 1503 where they parked their two remaining caravels so as not to lose them in the sea.
How to avoid contagion?
As has been mentioned in the media, the best way to avoid contagion is to wash your hands regularly. Places where many people gather and hospitals should also be avoided if it is not an emergency. In case of symptoms or deterioration, attention should be requested through the means provided by each country. Isolation in this case could prevent contagion from others. Since there is still no treatment or cure for the disease, the patient’s recovery depends on the care taken in the days after the infection.
By November 2020, the first vaccine candidates appeared. By February 2021, around 10 vaccines had been licensed for public use.
Symptoms and differences with the Flu
The person infected with the virus will have a dry cough, fever, sore throat, headache, shortness of breath, and fatigue. Unlike the flu, the virus is not accompanied by sneezing, nasal congestion, or diarrhea.
Quick Facts
Name
Christopher Columbus
Birth Date
c. October 31, 1451
Death Date
May 20, 1506
Did You Know?
Columbus estimated the earth to be a sphere and the distance between the Canary Islands and Japan to be about 2,300 miles. In actuality, the distance was 12,200 statue miles.
Did You Know?
Columbus’ first contact with the Americas was when he set foot in the Bahamian Islands. He then traveled to Cuba, believing it was China.
Did You Know?
Columbus and his brothers treated the natives harshly, which ultimately led to his arrest and being stripped of his titles as governor of the Indies.
Did You Know?
Even upon his death, Columbus believed he had discovered a shorter route to Asia.
Place of Birth
Genoa, Italy
Place of Death
Valladolid, Spain
Columbus’s campaign for funding
Columbus first presented his plan for a western route to the Indies to the court of Portugal in 1485. The king’s experts believed that the route would be longer than Columbus thought (the actual distance is even longer than the Portuguese believed), and they denied Columbus’ request. It is probable that he made the same outrageous demands for himself in Portugal that he later made in Spain, where he went next. He tried to get backing from the monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, who, by marrying, had united the largest kingdoms of Spain and were ruling them together.
After seven years of lobbying at the Spanish court, where he was kept on a salary to prevent him from taking his ideas elsewhere, he was finally successful in 1492. Ferdinand and Isabella had just conquered Granada, the last Muslim stronghold on the Iberian peninsula, and they received Columbus in Córdoba, in the monarchs’ Alcázar or castle. Isabel finally turned Columbus down on the advice of her confessor, and he was leaving town in despair, when Fernando intervened. Isabel then sent a royal guard to fetch him and Ferdinand later rightfully claimed credit for being «the principal cause why those islands were discovered.»
About half of the financing was to come from private Italian investors, whom Columbus had already lined up. Financially broken from the Granada campaign, the monarchs left it to the royal treasurer to shift funds among various royal accounts on behalf of the enterprise. According to the contract that Columbus made with King and Queen, if Columbus discovered any new islands or mainland, he would:
- Be given the rank of Admiral of the Ocean Sea (Atlantic Ocean)
- Be appointed Viceroy and Governor of all the new lands
- Have the right to nominate three persons, from whom the sovereigns would choose one, for any office in the new lands
- Be entitled to 10 percent of all the revenues from the new lands in perpetuity; this part was denied to him in the contract, although it was one of his demands
- Have the option of buying one-eighth interest in any commercial venture with the new lands and receive one-eighth of the profits
The terms were extraordinary, but as his own son later wrote, the monarchs did not really expect him to return. It is important to note that many of the smears against Columbus were initiated by the Spanish crown when this contract was broken and during the subsequent lengthy court cases (pleitos de Colón).
Крис Коламбус — лучшие фильмы: Фильмография
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Карьера
Колумб был активным джазовым музыкантом с 1920-х по 1970-е годы и был отцом Сонни Пейна . Он руководил своей собственной группой с 1930-х до конца 1940-х годов, некоторое время проработав резидентуру в Savoy Ballroom . После середины 1940-х он играл на барабанах позади Луи Джордана , оставаясь с ним до 1952 года. В середине-конце 1950-х годов Колумб поддержал органную комбинацию Дикого Билла Дэвиса , и он записался с Дюком Эллингтоном в 1967 году. лидер 1970-х, помимо гастролей по Европе с Дэвисом. Во Франции он играл с Флойдом Смитом , Элом Греем , Эдди «Чистоголовым» Винсоном , Бадди Тейтом и Милтом Бакнером .
До инсульта, который частично парализовал его в 1993 году, Коломбо был самым старым работающим музыкантом в Атлантик-Сити .
Коломбо получил свой первый профессиональный концерт, играя с Флетчером Хендерсоном в 1921 году. В период с 1920-х по 1960-е годы он играл в большинстве ночных клубов города и руководил оркестром Club Harlem в течение 34 лет до 1978 года, когда клуб закрыл свои двери. После этого группа Коломбо выступала практически в каждом казино- отеле Атлантик-Сити . Во время инсульта он регулярно играл в Showboat .
Плакат к фильму 1945 года « Это случилось в Гарлеме»
Коломбо работал, записывался и гастролировал с известными джазовыми исполнителями, включая Дьюка Эллингтона , Диззи Гиллеспи , Луи Джордана , Луи Армстронга , Дикого Билла Дэвиса и Эллу Фицджеральд . Коломбо записал на лейбле Strand альбом под названием Jazz: Re-Discovering Old Favorites от Chris Columbo Quintette [так в оригинале ], включая версию «Summertime» с участием органиста Джонни «Хаммонда» Смита . Эта пластинка (с оборотной стороной высокотемпо-минорного блюза под названием «Minerology» [ sic ]) была довольно успешной на радио в начале 1960-х. Коломбо взмахивал палками в воздухе, отскакивал ими от пола и часто прыгал с сиденья мотоцикла, которое было его барабанным троном. Его сыном был барабанщик Count Basie Orchestra Сонни Пейн . Коломбо также появился в фильме 1945 года « Это случилось в Гарлеме» по мотивам ночного клуба « Смоллс рай» в Гарлеме и в фильме 1947 года « Берегись, сестра» .
References
- Cohen, John Michael. The Four Voyages of Christopher Columbus: Being His Own Log-Book, Letters and Dispatches With Connecting Narrative Drawn from the Life of the Admiral by His Son Hernando Colon and Others. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969. ISBN 0140442170.
- Cook, Sherburne Friend, and Woodrow Wilson Borah. Essays in Population History Volume I. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1971. ISBN 0520017641.
- Crosby, Alfred W. The Columbian Voyages, the Columbian Exchange, and Their Historians. Washington, DC: American Historical Association, 1987. ISBN 0872290395.
- Crosby, Alfred W. The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492. New York: Praeger, 2003. ISBN 0275980928.
- Friedman, Thomas. The World Is Flat: A Brief History Of The Twenty-first Century. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006. ISBN 9780374292799.
- Hart, Michael H. The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History . Secausus, N.J.: Carol Publishing Group, 1992. ISBN 0806513500.
- Keen, Benjamin (trans.). The Life of the Admiral Christopher Columbus by his Son Ferdinand,. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press 1978. ISBN 0313201757.
- Markham, Clements R. The Journal of Christopher Columbus (during His First Voyage, 1492-93) and Documents Relating to the Voyages of John Cabot and Gaspar Corte Real. (1893). Google Books. Retrieved June 10, 2008.
- Morison, Samuel Eliot. Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1983. ISBN 0930350375.
- Nelson, Diane M. A Finger in the Wound : Body Politics in Quincentennial Guatemala. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1999. ISBN 0520212851.
- Patrick, John J. Teaching about the Voyages of Columbus. ERIC Digest. ERIC Clearinghouse for Social Studies/Social Science Education Bloomington IN, 1992.
- Turner, Jack. Spice: The History of a Temptation. New York: Knopf, 2004. ISBN 0375407219.
- Urvoy, Jean-Michel. «Où est enterré Christophe Colomb ?» (Trans. Where is buried Christopher Columbus) Retrieved June 10, 2008.
- Wilford, John Noble, and Ashbel Green. The Mysterious History of Columbus: An Exploration of the Man, the Myth, the Legacy. New York: Vintage Books, 1992. ISBN 0679738320.
Later life
A statue of the Santa Maria, Columbus’ flagship in his first voyage. The statue is at the House of Columbus in Valladolid, Spain, the city where Columbus died.
While Columbus had always given the conversion of non-believers as one reason for his explorations, he grew increasingly religious in his later years. He claimed to hear divine voices, lobbied for a new crusade to capture Jerusalem, often wore Franciscan habit, and described his explorations to the «paradise» as part of God’s plan which would soon result in the Last Judgement and the end of the world.
In his later years, Columbus demanded that the Spanish Crown give him 10 percent of all profits made in the new lands, pursuant to earlier agreements. Because he had been relieved of his duties as governor, the crown did not feel bound by these contracts and his demands were rejected. His family later sued for part of the profits from trade with America, but ultimately lost some 50 years later.
Sepulchre of Columbus in the Cathedral of Seville
On May 20, 1506, Columbus died in Valladolid, fairly wealthy due to the gold his men had accumulated in Hispaniola. He was still convinced that his journeys had been along the east coast of Asia. Following his death, his body underwent excarnation—the flesh was removed so that only his bones remained. Even after his death, his travels continued: First interred in Valladolid and then at the monastery of La Cartuja in Seville, by the will of his son Diego, who had been governor of Hispaniola, his remains were transferred to Santo Domingo in 1542. In 1795, the French took over, and his remains was removed to Havana. After Cuba became independent following the Spanish-American War in 1898, his remains were moved back to the Cathedral of Seville, where they were placed on an elaborate catafalque. However, a lead box bearing an inscription identifying «Don Christopher Columbus» and containing fragments of bone and a bullet was discovered at Santo Domingo in 1877. To lay to rest claims that the wrong relics were moved to Havana and that Columbus is still buried in the cathedral of Santo Domingo, DNA samples were taken in June 2003 (History Today August 2003). Results announced in May 2006 show that at least some of Columbus’ remains rest in Seville, but authorities in Santo Domingo have not allowed the remains in their custody to be tested.
Детство звезды
Биография Кристофера Коламбуса начинается 10 сентября 1958 года, когда он родился в Спэнглере, штат Пенсильвания. Вырос же при этом ребенок в другом месте – на окраине Янгстауна, штат Огайо. Коламбусы были простой семьей. Отец режиссера работал обычным шахтером. Однако это все не помешало одаренному ребенку пробиться в мир Голливуда.
Ребенок рос разносторонне одаренным и искал свое место в жизни. Так, например, сначала он рисовал обычные комиксы, но потом на ум ему пришло, что это похоже на раскадровку кино. Ребенок был довольно талантлив.
Образование будущий режиссер начал получать все там же в Огайо, где обучался в частной школе имени Джона Кеннеди. Причем свои первые короткометражки снимать Крис начал еще здесь. Тогда он использовал для этого 8-мм камеру. Тогда Коламбусу было 15 лет.
После окончания школы он поступает в Школу искусства ТИШ, которая находится при Нью-Йоркском Университете. На тот момент в сфере его интересов лежал британский кинематограф, в частности, он восхищался комедиями авторства режиссеров Туманного Альбиона и высоко оценивал фирменный «английский юмор». При этом его комедии называют лицом современного американского голливудского кинематографа.
Во время обучения в университете он изучал производство фильмов и режиссуру. При этом практиковал и написание сценариев. Свой первый сценарий он продал, пока еще был студентом. Стоил этот сценарий режиссерам 5000 долларов. Фильм назывался «Жокеи». Это по замыслу Криса была полуавтобиографическая комедия, посвященная мальчику-католику, пытающемуся пройти отбор в футбольную команду. При этом сценарий очень сильно переработали. Но даже несмотря на это фильм сняли, и это сделало самую мощную и заметную рекламу будущему режиссеру.
Когда Крис работал в мастерской комиксов, ему удалось сотворить сценарный шедевр, который сегодня знают миллионы людей во всем мире. Именно тогда Стивен Спилберг купил у него сценарий фантастической комедии «Гремлины». И это дало определенный толчок карьере молодого человека, т.к. после этого Коламбус получил заказы на сценарии таких фильмов, как «Балбесы» и «Молодой Шерлок Холмс». Оба фильма были вскоре сняты и появились в прокате уже в 1985 году.